Jorge Miguel Cruz Pereira Varelas da Rocha

Department of Mathematics

Felipe de Almeida Murgel

Luca Scala

Department of Mathematics

Marina Alexandra Pedro Andrade

Department of Mathematics

By the end of this course, students should:
LO1. Master vector and matrix language, using it to solve and classify systems of linear equations; calculate, interpret, and apply matrix determinants; calculate and interpret eigenvalues ​​and eigenvectors; diagonalize matrices; and apply these tools to classify quadratic forms.
LO2. Understand different perspectives for studying functions of more than one variable (descriptive, numerical, algebraic, and graphical), as well as the fundamental concepts of limit, continuity, and differentiability of these functions. Acquire familiarity with the calculation of partial derivatives and recognize the differences compared to calculations with functions of a single variable.
LO3. Recognize and solve optimization problems, both unconditioned and conditioned, involving functions of more than one variable; recognize and formulate a linear optimization problem and graphically determine its optimal solution, in the case of two variables.

PC1. Linear Algebra
- Systems of linear equations: Gaussian elimination. Classification of systems.
- Matrices and matrix algebra: Properties. Linear dependence and independence. Characteristic of a matrix. Gaussian elimination.
- Determinants: Definition, properties, and utility. Matrix inversion.
- Eigenvalues ​​and eigenvectors. Diagonalization.
- Quadratic forms.
PC2. Functions of more than one variable
- Functions defined in R^n.
- Limits and continuity. Partial derivatives.
- Tangent planes and linear approximations. Differentiability.
- The chain rule. Implicit differentiation.
- Directional derivatives and the gradient vector.
PC3. Optimization in R^n
- Free extrema in R^n: Local and absolute extrema. Hessian matrix.
- Constrained extrema in R^n: Lagrange multipliers.
- Linear programming: Graphical method. Economic interpretation.

Students may choose one of the following assessment methods:

(AS) Assessment throughout the semester, consisting of:
- 1 intermediate written test (45%), covering the programmatic content PC1 only, with a minimum passing grade of 8.50 points out of 20;
- 1 final written test (45%), during the 1st or 2nd examination season, covering mostly the programmatic contents PC2 and PC3, and with a minimum passing grade of 8.50 points out of 20;
- Individually solved exercises, in class, during the semester (10%).

Regarding the individually solved exercises, there will be at least 10 moments in classes during the semester with opportunities for the students to solve and submit the proposed exercises. The student may deliver up to 3 of these exercises during the first 6 weeks (the best 2 will be considered), and up to 3 of these exercises during the last 6 weeks (the best 2 will be considered). The grade assigned to the exercises submitted will be the arithmetic average of the 4 exercises considered.

(AE) Assessment by exam: written test (weighted 100%), administered in the first or second exam period of the assessment period.

Remarks:

1. The minimum passing grade for the course is 9.50 points, rounded up to a final grade of 10 points.
2. The Final test and the Exam occur simultaneously. The student must choose to take either one of them.
3. A student will be excluded from the Assessment throughout the semester method and will automatically be transferred to the Assessment by exam method if they obtain a grade lower than 8.50 in the intermediate test.
4. Assessment during the special exam period only includes Assessment by Exam method.
5. Reseating students are subject to the same assessment methods, subject to the same rules.
6. Use of calculators, cell phones, smart watches, or any other electronic equipment is not permitted during the written tests or exercises submitted. The illegal use of such equipment will be sanctioned in accordance with the Student Disciplinary Regulations. The provisions of the Academic Code of Conduct also apply whenever relevant.
7. The responsible teachers reserve the right to, after marking the written test, hold individual discussion sessions to confirm that the student possesses the knowledge shown therein, and whenever justified.
8. There is also the possibility of holding discussions to defend final grades higher than 17 marks (out of 20).

Ana Comporta

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Helena Maria Correia Neves Cordeiro Rodrigues

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Mariana de Oliveira Berga Rodrigues

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Pedro Miguel Garcia de Oliveira

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Vítor Santos

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

At the end of this course, students should be able to apply the main concepts of marketing, through key market indicators, regarding the development of a strategic and operational marketing plan.

P1. Evolution of the Marketing concept
P2. Marketing Plan
P2.1. Plan components and control
P2.2.Organizational structure
P3. Situational Analysis (offline and online)
P3.1. Market
P3.2. Consumer behaviour
P3.3. Market intelligence
P3.4. Competition analysis
P3.5. Company analysis
P3.6. Portfolio analysis
P3.7. SWOT analysis
P4. Segmentation and Targeting
P5. Positioning
P6. Marketing-mix (offline and online)
P6.1.Product
P6.2. Price
P6.3. Placement
P6.4. Promotion
P7. Future Trends in Marketing
P7.1 Digital Transformation
P7.2 The Role of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Marketing
P7.3 The Role of Marketing for a Sustainable Future

Assessment throughout the semester: Individual participation in class (15%); Individual discussion of the workgroup project: (20%); Workgroup report (10%); individual case studies (15%); Final individual exam (40%). Minimum grade in any of the components: 8 points. Minimum final grade: 10 points for final approval. Attendance to classes of at least 2/3 (less will exclude students from this evaluation scheme). Failure in the assessment throughout the semester will lead to two additional moments to pass, each worth 100% of the final grade.
A final above 16 may imply an additional oral examination.

Maria Catarina Salema Roseta Palma

Department of Economics

Francisco Caneira Madelino

Department of Economics

Henrique Monteiro

Department of Economics

Luís Miguel Clemente Casinhas

Department of Economics

Mariana Cardoso dos Santos

Department of Economics

Thomas Greve

Department of Economics

By the end of the curricular unit the student should:
LO1. know the basic concepts of microeconomic theory;
LO2. understand the relevant modelling techniques;
LO3. use theoretical knowledge in the analysis of real markets;
LO4. combine the conceptual, mathematical and graphical approaches to solve specific problems.

S1. Introduction to markets: demand, supply and equilibrium.
S2. Consumer theory
The budget constraint and the set of feasible choices; preferences and utility; optimal choice; individual demand; market demand; elasticities; extensions to the rational consumer model.
S3. Producer theory
Technology and the production function in the short and in the long run, marginal productivities and scale returns; short and long run costs; profit maximization.
S4. Market structure
Perfect competition: assumptions; the individual supply curve and market supply; market equilibrium in the short and in the long run; consumer and producer surplus; the efficient market result; introduction to market failures.
Monopoly: the firm's choice; efficiency losses; natural monopolies; price discrimination.
Imperfect competition: basic game theory, Nash equilibrium; examples of oligopoly models; cartels and regulation.

Assessment throughout the semester includes the following elements:
- Two quizzes, each having a weight of 20%;
- Participation in class, including problem set resolution (10%); a minimum attendance level of 75% is required for exercise classes.
- Written exam at the end of the term (50%).*
*In order to get a positive grade in the course, the mark of the written exam cannot be below 8.5.

Students can opt to be assessed by a single final exam (100% of the grade).

A supplementary oral assessment to defend the grade may be conducted following any of the course assessments.

David Gabriel

Department of Information Science and Technology

João Silva

Pedro Miguel de Oliveira

Department of Digital Technologies

Ricardo Marques Dias

Department of Information Science and Technology

On completion of this course the student should be able to:
LO1. Organize data and structured information, and use pivot tables (in a spreadsheet).
LO2. Develop functions that implement simple algorithms, using variables and control structures.
LO3. Manipulate simple classes and objects.
LO4: Create Python programs using structured data types: tuples, lists, dictionaries.
LO5: Use the numpy library to create and manipulate vectors and matrices.
LO6: Use the pandas library to create and manipulate data tables.
LO7: Read a file and manipulate its data.
LO8: Manipulate and visualize data graphically.

Introduction and Fundamentals
CP1. Data organization and pivot tables
CP2. Variables and control structures
CP3. Functions, invocation, and arguments
CP4. Procedures and input/output
CP5. Objects and object classes
CP6. Structured types of information: tuples, lists and dictionaries
CP7. NumPy library: vectors and matrices
CP8. Pandas library: main data structures, agregation, data management and graphical data visualization, pivot tables
CP9. Reading managemente of files

Assessment throughout the semester:
Group work (50%) – Project, mandatory, no minimum score.
Individual Test (50%) - Written test, mid-term, scheduled to be online, mandatory, with a minimum score of 7,5 (in 20).
Final exam (100%):
- Individual written exam, without consultation, encompassing all syllabus.
Takes the final exam - in season 1, 2 or special who doesn’t conclude the periodical assessment with an average score greater than or equal to 10 (out of 20).
Attendance is not a requirement for passing.

Maria João Martins Ferreira Major

Department of Accounting

Ana Cristina Mendes da Conceição

Department of Accounting

Jonas Oliveira

Department of Accounting

Álvaro Daniel Silva Vistas de Oliveira

Department of Accounting

After being approved in this course, students must be able to:
LG1: Understand the relevance of management accounting in organizations;
LG2: Apply cost allocation methods;
LG3: Identify the income effects of alternative cost accumulation systems;
LG4: Apply the basis of accounting information in decision making processes.
LG5: Explain the role of budgeting within the process of planning and the relationship between the long-range plan and the budgeting process.

1. Aims of management and cost accounting
2. An introduction to cost terms and purposes
3. Alternative cost accumulation systems, income and inventoryeffects
4. An introduction to cost-volume-profit analysis
5. Cost allocation
6. Job costing and process costing
7. Annual budgeting and budgetary control

(i) Assessment throughout the semester:
• One mid-term test: 30%.
• One written test (frequency) during the assessment period, in the same day of the first sitting exam: 70%.
Requirements of assessment throughout the semester
• Attendance of at least 2/3 of all classes (theoretical and practical);
• Attendance and deliver of the mid-term test;
• Minimum grade of 7.5 at the frequency test;
• Minimum average grade of 10 between the mid-term test and the frequency test.
(ii) Non-periodic assessment:
Exams (1st sitting and 2nd sitting): written exam (100%), with a minimum grade of 10.

Cristiana João Soares da Silva

Department of Mathematics

Gabriele Degano

Jorge Miguel Cruz Pereira Varelas da Rocha

Department of Mathematics

Luca Scala

Department of Mathematics

Pedro Alexandre Correia de Matos

Department of Mathematics

At the end of the course the student will learn:
LG1. - The concept of the derivative as a special type of limit and an essential tool to solve problems such as rates of change, optimization or approximation of functions by polynomials.
LG2. - The definite integral and its connection to differential calculus; the integration methods that allow integrating simpler functions, but also more complex functions; how to use the integral to, for instance, calculate areas between curves.
LG3. - What a differential equation is and its importance in mathematical modeling; to solve separable equations and to know about its application to population growth models.
LG4. - Series and their convergence; how to determine the convergence of geometric series, as well as use them to solve some real problems; the importance of series in the representation of functions as sums of infinite series and analyze phenomena by substituting a function for the first terms of the series that represents it.

CP1. Derivatives
Derivatives; the derivative as a function; the Chain Rule; implicit differentiation; inverse functions and their derivatives; linear and quadratic approximations; Taylor polynomials; applications of differentiation (rates of change in the Natural and Social Sciences, the Mean Value Theorem, L'Hôpital's rule)

CP2. Integrals
Introduction to integrals; antiderivatives; integration techniques; the definite integral, the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and indefinite integrals; applications of integration (areas between curves, average value of a function, applications to economics)

CP3. Differential Equations
Modeling with differential equations; separable equations; models for population growth

CP4. Series
Sequences and series; geometric series and some convergence tests; applications of series in economics and finance

Students may choose one of the following assessment methods:

- (AS) Assessment throughout the semester:
- 1 intermediate written test (45%), with a minimum passing grade of 8.50 points out of 20;
- 1 final written test (45%), during the 1st or 2nd examination season, with minimum passing grade of 8.50 points out of 20;
- Individually solved exercises, in class, during the semester (10%).

Regarding the individually solved exercises, there will be at least 10 opportunities throughout the semester, during both theoretical and practical classes, for students to solve and submit the exercises. Of the total number of exercises, at least 4 will be assigned during theoretical classes and 6 during practical classes.
During the first 6 weeks, each student must submit at least one exercise from the theoretical classes and two exercises from the practical classes. Should a student submit more than the minimum required number of exercises, the highest grade obtained in the theoretical-class exercises and the two highest grades obtained in the practical-class exercises will be considered.
Similarly, during the last 6 weeks, each student must submit at least one exercise from the theoretical classes and two exercises from the practical classes. Should a student submit more than the minimum required number of exercises, the highest grade obtained in the theoretical-class exercises and the two highest grades obtained in the practical-class exercises will be considered.
The grade assigned to the exercises submitted will be the arithmetic average of the 6 exercises considered.

- (AE) Assessment by exam: written text (weighted 100%), administered in the 1st or 2nd exam period.

Remarks:
1. The minimum passing grade for the course is 9.50 points, rounded up to a final grade of 10 points.
2. The Final Test and Exam occur simultaneously. The student must choose to take either one of them.
3. A student is excluded from the Assessment throughout the semester modality, automatically switching to the Exam Assessment modality, if they obtain a grade lower than 8.50 in the intermediate test.
4. Assessment during the special exam period only includes Assessment by exam method.
5. Repeating students have the same assessment modalities, subject to the same rules.
6. Use of calculators, cell phones, smartwatches, or any other electronic equipment is not permitted during the written tests or exercises submitted. The illegal use of such equipment will be sanctioned in accordance with the Student Disciplinary Regulations. The provisions of the Academic Code of Conduct also apply whenever relevant.
7. The responsible teachers reserve the right to, after marking the written test, hold individual discussion sessions to confirm that the student possesses the knowledge shown therein, and whenever justified.

Ana Isabel Dias Lopes

Department of Accounting

Diogo Nery Tavares

Department of Accounting

José António Morais de Azevedo Rodrigues

Department of Management and Social Sciences

Pedro António Ferreira

Department of Accounting

At the end of the course unit, each student should be able to:
LA1: Explain the role of financial accounting in the organizational context and in supporting management decision-making;
LA2: Identify and describe the elements and structure of the main financial statements;
LA3: Analyze the impact of investment, financing, and operational decisions on the different financial statements;
LA4: Apply the criteria for recogn., measurem., and derecogn. to assets relevant to business activities.

1 – ACCOUNTING AS THE LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS
Business and activities; Stakeholders; Role of accounting; IFRS vs SNC
2 – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Full set; Purpose and inform; Integrated view; IFRS vs SNC
3 – STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
Elements and recogn. criteria; Structure, inform and transact.; IFRS vs SNC
4 – STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Elements; Structure, inform and transact.; Accrual basis; Revenue; IFRS vs SNC
5 – STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
Elements, structure and transact.; IFRS vs SNC
6 – INVENTORIES
Concept and classification; Initial and subsequent recogn. and measurem.; Derecogn. and costing of outputs; VAT impact; IFRS vs SNC
7 – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Concept and classification; Initial and subsequent recogn. and measurem.; Derecogn.; VAT impact; IFRS vs SNC
8 – INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Concept and classification; Initial and subsequent recogn. and measurem.; Derecogn.; VAT impact; IFRS vs SNC

The assessment process in this course unit is carried out through two distinct modalities, in accordance with the current Academic Regulations:
Assessment throughout the semester: includes three assessment instruments — a set of four (4) online mini-tests (10%, individual), one group assignment solved in class (15%), and a final test (75%). A minimum grade of 8.5 (out of 20) in the final test is required for approval. Students must attend at least two-thirds of the classes to be eligible for approval under this modality.
Final exam assessment: consists of a final exam with a weighting of 100%.
For all assessment purposes, the General Regulation for the Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (RGACC), the Regulation for Students with Special Status (REEE), and the Iscte Academic Code of Conduct shall apply.

Luís Miguel da Silva Laureano

Department of Finance

Clementina Barroso

Department of Finance

João Francisco Baptista Colaço Sobral do Rosário

Department of Finance

Rodrigo Novinski Nunes

Department of Finance

At the end of this learning unit's term, the student must be able:

1. To explain the concept of time value of money, discounting and compounding and to be able to compare cash flows with different timetables;
2. To compute cash flows from applications and financing operations;
3. To characterize the organization of the main financial markets;
4. To compute currency and interest rate operations;
5. To describe the concept of business profitability and to compute and analyze the more relevant profitability ratios linking profitability with the firm's capital structure;
6. To analyze the financial condition of a firm and to compute and analyze the more relevant financial ratios;
7. To describe and compute de concept of working capital and to link it with the firm's financial condition;
8. To describe and compute the concept of cash flow in capital investment valuation;
9. To describe and compute the main valuation criteria used in capital investment analysis.

I - Time Value of Money
1. The concept of interest rate, consumption and saving
2. Nominal and real interest rate
3. Financial intermediation and risk
4. Simple and compounding interest
5. Discounting and compounding factors
6. Periodic/regular flows: rents

II - Markets, Instruments and Financial Institutions
1. Foreign exchange market: the currency rate
2. Monetary market: the interest rate
3. Capital markets: primary and secondary markets
4. Financial information: sources and analysis
5. Critical use of artificial intelligence tools in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of financial information

III - Financial Analysis
1. Economic and financial flows
2. Income and profitability ratios
3. Financial leverage
4. Working capital
5. Solvency
6. Cash flow analysis

IV - Capital Investments
1. Typology of investments
2. The concept of the project's cash flow map
3. Valuation methodology
4. The discount rate
5. Valuation criteria: NPV, IRR, PI and PAYBACK

Assessment throughout the Semester:
There is no mandatory attendance.

There are 2 Tests:
1. Intermediate Test - worth 40% of the final grade, in person, and with no minimum grade. It covers points I and II of the Syllabus.
2. Final Test - worth 60% of the final grade, in person (at the same time as the First Period Exam), and with no minimum grade. It covers points III and IV of the Syllabus.

For the Intermediate Test and the Final Test, prior registration may be mandatory.

Assessment by exam:
Both the First Period and the Second Period Exams are each worth 100% of the final grade and are performed in person. Each one covers all the points on the Syllabus.

Álvaro Augusto da Rosa

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

André Filipe Sucena

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Inês Vieira Godinho Medeiro Patrão

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Sara Simão Gonçalves

Vânia Isabel Patrício

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

LG1 - Understand and debate the fundamental concepts of management and organizations
LG2 - Identify and debate the issues of ethics, responsible managementa and sustainability in the various dimensions of management
LG3 - Identify and develop managerial competences
LG4 - Familiarize with global shifts that impact on management and organizations of the future

S1 - Managing and organizations
S2 - Ethics, responsible managment and sustainability
S3 - Managing individuals, groups and teams
S4 - Managing change and digital transition
S5 - Managing globalization

The assessment comprehends a group assignment (30%); and,
a final written test (70%).
Attendance record must be 80% or above.
Students may opt for a final written exam at the end of the period.

Sofia Alexandra Duarte de Figueiredo

Núcleo de Competências Transversais

LO1 - To be trained in the ethical and responsible use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools
LO2 - To acquire critical analysis skills on the results produced by Generative AI tools
LO3 - To be able to identify and develop creative solutions in solving ethically and socially complex problems with Generative AI
LO4 - To be able to apply Generative AI tools in the preparation of academic work, in particular in the application of academic writing and in the use of normative citation and referencing procedures.

CP1 - Introduction to AI and Generative AI:
* Theoretical exposition on the historical context, evolution and important concepts about Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Generative AI
CP2 - Prompt Engineering:
* Explanation of good practices for interacting with generative language models
CP3 - Generative AI Tools:
* Exploration of multiple Generative AI tools, based on text, images and videos
CP4 - Formation of argumentative content:
* Development of creative solutions using argumentation practices and Generative AI tools
CP5 - Rules for scientific writing:
* Application of citation and referencing standards (APA standards) in academic writing

Assessment throughout the semester includes the following activities:
1. Individual activities (50%): will include assessment elements related to prompt engineering, the responsible use of Generative AI, and also oral defense in the group presentation.
2. Group activities (50%) [ students are organized into groups of up to 5 members, formed randomly]: will include the creation, revision, editing, and validation of AI-generated content, as well as the appropriate, strategic, and responsible use of generative AI tools and techniques, throughout the group work during classes, culminating in a presentation and peer review session in the final class.

General Considerations:
Given the theoretical-practical and applied nature of the UC, the assessment takes place in the form of assessment throughout the semester, with assessment by exam not being foreseen. Assessment in the 2nd season and special season will have an alternative assessment method, so any students wishing to carry out the assessment in these seasons must first contact the teacher to be informed of the assessment procedure.

For assessment purposes throughout the semester, attendance and participation in at least 80% of classes and having more than 7 points in each of the assessments is mandatory. Approval requires a minimum final grade of 10 points and compliance with the attendance and participation requirement mentioned above.
The group will have to ensure that there is at least one computer for each group to allow activities to be carried out in the classroom.

The curricular unit coordinator may determine the holding of a complementary oral discussion regarding any assessment element/instrument provided for in this Curricular Unit Sheet, whenever this proves necessary to confirm the acquisition of the knowledge and skills assessed, or clarify discrepancies between different assessment elements.

The complementary oral discussion does not constitute an autonomous assessment instrument, does not have its own weight in the final classification of the curricular unit and is intended exclusively for validating the classification of the respective assessment element/instrument. The classification previously assigned to this element/instrument is provisional in nature until the complementary oral discussion is carried out, and may be confirmed or revised depending on the validation carried out and the applicable evaluation criteria.

Luís Pedro da Rocha Miguel

INDEG department

LO1. Develop skills in identifying and understanding the basic processes of scientific research.
LO2. Know, identify and summarise the essential elements of a scientific article.
LO3. Identify the structure of writing in research papers and technical reports. LO4. Know how to use APA Standards in scientific writing and academic reports (standards for dissertations and theses at Iscte-IUL).
The learning objectives will be achieved through practical and reflective activities, supported by the active and participatory teaching method which favours experiential learning. Classes will consist of activities such as:
- Group discussions;
- Oral presentation and defence;
- Analysing texts;
- Project presentations;
- Individual reflection.

CP1: Introduction to scientific research: concepts and processes. Research questions. Processes: stages (Identifying the problem; Reviewing the literature; Defining objectives and hypotheses; Selecting the methodology; Collecting data; Analysing data; Conclusions and recommendations).
CP2: Techniques for summarising and analysing scientific articles. Identifying relevant sources, evaluating the literature and synthesising information. Ethics, informed consent, confidentiality and integrity in research. Data collection methods.
CP3: Structure and organisation of research papers: pre-textual elements (cover, title page, abstract, keywords, table of contents), textual elements (introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion) and post-textual elements (conclusion, references, appendices, annexes). Preparation of a structure based on topics provided by the lecturer.
CP4: Application of APA Standards in scientific writing and academic reports.

The assessment of the course aims to gauge the students' acquisition of skills in essential aspects of writing texts in an academic context. Assessment throughout the semester includes activities covering different aspects of the technical and scientific writing process, including group and individual work activities:
Group activities (70%) [students are organized into groups of 4, randomly selected].
1- Group discussions with case studies (20%):
Description: each group is given a case study to analyze, and must identify the type of text; the research problem(s), hypotheses, methodologies used and data sources. The results of their work are presented in class to their colleagues (Time/group: presentation - 3 min; debate - 5 min).
Assessment (oral): based on active participation, the quality of the analysis and the clarity of the presentation.
2 - Research exercises and application of APA standards (20%).
Description: Students carry out practical research exercises in a (thematic) context on bibliographical references, their formatting and citation according to APA Norms. Assessment (written work to be submitted on Moodle): The exercises will be corrected and assessed on the basis of accuracy and compliance with APA Standards.
3 - Project Presentation Simulations (30%):
Description: groups choose a topic and create a fictitious project following the structure of a technical report or scientific text, making a presentation of their project in class (Time/group: presentation 3 min.; debate: 5 min.). The work is then reviewed following the comments.
Assessment: (Oral component and written/digital content to be submitted on Moodle): organization, content, correct use of the structure and procedures of academic work, ability to answer questions posed by colleagues and the teacher.
Individual activities (30%):
1 - Summary of a scientific article (20%).
Description: Each student must read and summarize a scientific article.
Assessment: The summaries made in class will be assessed on their ability to identify and summarize the essential elements of the text.
2 - Participation in activities throughout the semester (10%).
Description: This component aims to assess the specific contributions of each student in the activities carried out throughout the semester. Assessment: Interventions in the classroom; relevance of the student's specific contributions to debates; collaborative relationship with colleagues. In order to be assessed throughout the semester, the student must be present at 80% of the classes and have more than 7 (seven) marks in each of the assessments. If there are doubts about participation in the activities carried out, the teacher may request an oral discussion.
Final assessment: In-person written test (100%).

Malwina Marta Wojciechowska

Núcleo de Competências Transversais

LO1. Develop specific oral communication skills for public presentations.
LO2. Know and identify strategies for effective use of the vocal apparatus.
LO3. Identify and improve body expression. LO4. Learn performance techniques.
The learning objectives will be achieved through practical and reflective activities, supported by an active and participatory teaching method that emphasizes experiential learning. The knowledge acquired involves both theatrical theory and specific oral communication techniques. Students will learn about the fundamentals of vocal expression, character interpretation and improvisation, adapting this knowledge to the context of public performances.

PC1. Preparing for a presentation.
PC2. Non-verbal communication techniques.
PC3. Voice and body communication, audience involvement. PC4. Presentation practice and feedback. The learning objectives will be achieved through practical and reflective activities, supported by the active and participatory teaching method which emphasizes experiential learning. Classes will consist of activities such as: Theatrical experiences and group discussions; Practical activities; Presentations and exhibitions of autonomous work; Individual reflection.

The assessment of the Public Presentations with Theatrical Techniques course aims to gauge the development of students' skills in essential aspects of public presentations. The assessment structure includes activities covering different aspects of the experiential learning process involving both theatrical techniques and specific communication techniques.
Assessment throughout the semester includes activities covering different aspects of the process of preparing a public presentation, including group and individual work activities:
Group activities (50%) [students are challenged to perform in groups of up to 5 elements, made up randomly according to each activity proposal].
1-Practical Presentations: Students will be assessed on the basis of their public presentations throughout the semester:
Description: each group receives a presentation proposal and must identify the elements of the activity and act in accordance with the objective.
The results of their work are presented in class to their colleagues (Time/group: presentation - 5 to 10 min.; reflection - 5 min.). Assessment (oral): based on active participation, organization of ideas and objectivity in communication, vocal and body expression, the use of theatrical techniques and performance. Presentations may be individual or group, depending on the proposed activities.
Individual activities (50%)
1-Exercises and Written Assignments (Autonomous Work):
Description: In addition to the practical presentations, students will be asked to carry out exercises and written tasks related to the content covered in each class. These activities include reflecting on techniques learned, creating a vision board, analyzing academic objectives, student self-assessment throughout the semester, answering theoretical questions and writing presentation scripts.
Assessment: (Oral component and written content), organization, content, correct use of the structure and procedures of the autonomous work proposed in each class, ability to answer questions posed by colleagues and the teacher. Communication skills and the quality of written work will be assessed, with a focus on clarity of presentation. These activities will help to gauge conceptual understanding of the content taught.
There will be no assessment by final exam, and approval will be determined by the weighted average of the assessments throughout the semester.
General considerations: in the assessment, students will be given feedback on their performance in each activity.
To complete the course in this mode, the student must attend 80% of the classes. The student must have more than 7 (seven) points in each of the assessments to be able to remain in evaluation in the course of the semester.

Carlota Moura Veiga

Núcleo de Competências Transversais

LO1: Develop the essential skills, knowledge, and tools to observe, describe, and understand the context and phenomena influencing communication.
LO2: Develop the skills to communicate effectively in multicultural contexts.
LO3: Use the skills in practical situations through oral and written communication.
LO4: Employ communication skills proactively, considering individual roles, behavioral types, and resources used during communication.

PC1: Multiple contexts that initiate and disrupt the communication process, implicit and explicit norms, as well as communication constraints across different contexts.
PC2: Ethnomethodology of the communication process, interpretation based on linguistic, paralinguistic, non-linguistic, and contextual information within oral communication.
PC3: Observation of verbal and non-verbal communication: analyzing gestures, posture, facial expressions, and eye contact (key elements of interactive communication that reinforce or replace oral communication).
PC4: The relevance of active listening in communication across multiple cultural contexts (interpreting and analyzing the phenomena).

Assessment throughout the semester:

Class participation: Evaluates the presence, involvement, and individual contributions of students in discussions and practical activities (20%).

Group work: Students are organised into groups of up to 4 members, randomly assigned, with the support of the lecturer.
• Description: Group activities focus on the observation, interpretation, and analysis of phenomena that encompass the rules, norms, and constraints of communicative activity in a practical study, using the learned content.

• Assessment: Quality of written productions and oral presentations of the developed work (active listening), which must necessarily incorporate comments provided by classmates and the lecturer during the presentations (40%).

Individual work (with consultation, to be carried out in person, in the classroom, according to the evaluation schedule):
• Description: According to a guide defined by the lecturer, comments made in the classroom are deepened in an individual report based on two presentations made by other colleagues.

• Assessment: According to the guide; explicit integration of elements outlined in the learning objectives (40%).

To complete the course unit through continuous assessment, students must not score less than 7 in any of the assessment components, including mandatory attendance of 75% of classes. The final evaluation may involve an oral discussion of the work.

Final assessment:
Although not recommended, students may opt for a final evaluation through written work according to a prompt and format that the lecturer will provide (100%).

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

LO1: Import and validate data effectively;
LO2: Use statistical and logical functions for complex data analysis;
LO3: Identify and correct error messages using information functions;
LO4: Manipulating dates and text to solve specific problems;
LO5: Apply custom formatting and advanced filters to organize data;
LO6: Use query and reference functions to consolidate data from different sources;
LO7: Create and interpret dynamic tables and graphs to present data;
LO8: Develop and use command macros for task automation.

These objectives ensure that students acquire advanced knowledge, practical skills, and technical competencies to use Excel effectively in demanding professional contexts.

SYL1. Data import and validation
SYL2. Statistical functions
SYL3. Logical functions
SYL4. Error messages and information functions
SYL5. Date Functions and Arithmetic
SYL6. Text manipulation functions
SYL7. Custom formatting and advanced filters
SYL8. Query and reference functions
SYL9. Consolidation, pivot charts, and graphs
SYL10. Introduction to macros

The evaluation process in the Advanced Excel course unit follows the guidelines of the General Regulation for the Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (RGACC). The evaluation modalities provided for in the RGACC are evaluation throughout the semester and evaluation by exam:

1. Evaluation Throughout the Semester: This modality is regular during the curricular period, need a minimum attendance of 75% (*), and use different instruments:
- Attendance [10%]
- Progress and completion of the online course [20%]
- Mini-tests (*) [35%]
- Test (*) [35%]

2. Evaluation by Exam: Evaluation by exam takes place during the evaluation period, focusing on all the subjects taught in the UC. The student can opt for the 1st or 2nd exam season or the special exam season, which is only available for eligible students. This method presupposes the following elements of evaluation:
- Successful completion of the online course (required) [15%]
- Exam (*) [85%]

(*) Face-to-Face or online, according to the assessment regime in place.
General Observations:
- In the evaluation modality throughout the semester, the student cannot have a classification lower than 7.0 values in any of the evaluation elements or will have to move on to the evaluation modality by exam;
- The teacher reserves the right to request that any student perform an oral test, regardless of the type of evaluation, whenever it is considered necessary to complement the other evaluation elements.

Malwina Marta Wojciechowska

Núcleo de Competências Transversais

LO1. Acquire knowledge of the principles and stages of the Design Thinking process.

LO2. Develop competencies in active listening, critical thinking, collaboration, empathy, and creativity.

LO3. Apply Design Thinking to solve problems across different contexts, fostering innovation and continuous improvement..

S1. Introduction to Design Thinking

S2. Stage 1: Empathize

S3. Stage 2: Define the Problem

S4. Stages 3 and 4: Ideate and Prototype

S5. Stage 5: Test and Feedback

S6. Critical Reflection (2 hours)

The course unit adopts an active, project-based learning approach and is assessed through continuous assessment throughout the semester:

Class participation (20%): Assesses students' attendance, engagement, and contribution to classroom discussions and learning activities.
Individual project (40%): Students will develop an individual project applying the Design Thinking process to address a specific problem. Assessment will consider the application of the Design Thinking stages, the quality of the proposed solutions, and the level of creativity demonstrated.
Group project (40%): Students will work in teams to develop a collaborative project applying the Design Thinking process to address a real-world challenge. Assessment will be based on the application of the Design Thinking stages, the quality of the proposed solutions, and the effectiveness of teamwork and collaboration.

For all submitted assignments, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools must be transparent, explicitly declared, and compliant with Iscte's academic integrity regulations, through a signed declaration attached to the submitted work. Failure to provide this declaration or to disclose the use of AI technologies constitutes an academic misconduct offence under the Iscte Student Disciplinary Regulations.

Given the theoretical-practical and applied nature of the course unit, assessment is conducted exclusively through continuous assessment during the semester, and no final examination is offered. The final assessment of written assignments may include an individual oral examination to clarify or validate the submitted work.

Assessment during the resit period and the special assessment period will follow an alternative assessment format. Students wishing to be assessed during these periods must contact the course lecturer in advance to obtain information about the applicable assessment procedures.

For continuous assessment, students are required to attend and actively participate in at least 80% of the scheduled classes.

By the end of the course unit, students should be able to:

OA1: Enhance the ability to recognize and value personal resources of technical and interpersonal knowledge.

OA2: Gain a comprehensive understanding of the procedures and settings involved in job searching.

OA3: Develop proficiency in crafting a formal application process for a professional role.

The attainment of these learning outcomess will be facilitated through a combination of practical and reflective activities, underpinned by an active and participatory teaching methodology that prioritizes experiential learning. The course sessions will incorporate a diverse range of activities, including:
• Engaging in Group Discussions;
• Participating in Simulations;
• Analyzing Case Studies;
• Critically Evaluating Videos and Texts;
• Presenting Projects;
• Engaging in Individual Reflection.

S1. Personal Resource Identification & Labour Market participation
- Self-assess skills & interests: identifying strengths, areas for improvement and transferable skills.
- Develop personalized career plan: aligned with objectives, interests and opportunities..

S2. The Labor Market:
- Understanding labor market dynamics, trends, and sectors to make informed professional decisions.
- Recognizing the dignified work principles
- Identifying and exploring job search platforms.

S3.Constructing a Professional Profile:
- Creating a public profile: build CV & network of contacts through networking events, online communities, and industry associations.
- Planning the application process: from identifying opportunities to preparing for interviews.
- Maintain and update online professional profiles and networks regularly to reflect ongoing development and achievements.

The assessment for the course unit Skills for the Labour Market aims to evaluate students’ development of key competences essential for a successful transition into the world of work.

Assessment throughout the semester is structured around two main thematic strands, each addressing critical aspects of the job search process and professional development:

Thematic strands:
Block 1 – Self-awareness and professional profile preparation:
- Identifying professional skills, interests, and values
- Self-assessment tools and skills portfolio development
- Drafting a Curriculum Vitae and cover/motivation letter

Block 2 – Navigating the labour market
- Current trends and dynamics of the labour market
- Digital platforms and professional networking
- Simulation of job interviews and group assessment exercises

Assessment components and weighting:
Assessment throughout the semester includes three main components, with a strong focus on applied skill development:
1) Individual Portfolio (60%)
Includes: a) Career plan; b) CV and cover letter; c) Professional profile creation; d) Final reflective report.
Objectives: To identify strengths and areas for development, including technical and interpersonal skills; to prepare a clear, concise, and targeted CV and cover letter tailored to specific vacancies; to create a complete and professional online profile; and to devise strategies for expanding and diversifying a professional network aligned with career goals.

2) Group Simulation (30%)
Participation in a simplified simulation of job interviews and group dynamics.
Objectives: To develop communication, teamwork, problem-solving and adaptability skills, with a focus on collaboration, clear expression, creative solutions, and flexibility. The job interview simulation will allow students to practise verbal and non-verbal communication, posture, answering strategies, and highlighting strengths and motivation for the position.

3) Active Participation (10%)
Includes attendance, engagement in activities, and timely completion of assigned tasks.

General Considerations: Personalised feedback will be provided throughout the semester on each assessed activity. To complete the course unit through assessment throughout the semester, students must attend at least 75% of the classes and obtain no less than 7 (out of 20) in any component.

Final Assessment (100%)
Although not recommended, students may opt for a final assessment through a written exam. If the student scores above 8 in the written component, an oral discussion may be required at the lecturer’s discretion (this oral component will weigh 40% of the final grade, if conducted).

Sofia Guedes Vaz

Núcleo de Competências Transversais

By the end of the course, students should be able to:
LO1: Identify argumentative structures and recognize informal fallacies.
LO2: Apply the Six Thinking Hats methodology to critical analysis and problem-solving scenarios.
LO3: Mobilize divergent and convergent thinking, integrating data, emotions, risks, opportunities, and creativity.
LO4: Collaborate in parallel thinking tasks, managing different modes of reasoning.
LO5: Critically evaluate decisions and arguments based on a structured and multidimensional thinking approach.

Course Content
CC1: Definition and importance of Critical Thinking (CT)
CC2: Basic structure of an argument: premises and conclusion
Examples of simple and complex arguments
CC3: Methods for argument analysis
CC4: Logical fallacies and common reasoning errors
CC5: Criteria for evaluating the quality of arguments
CC6: Argument construction
CC7: Practical applications of CT
CC8: Lateral thinking and the foundations of the Six Thinking Hats model
CC9: Practical applications of each hat: data (white), emotions (red), risks (black), benefits (yellow), creativity (green), thought management (blue)
CC10: Parallel thinking dynamics in academic, professional, and ethical contexts; integration of argumentative methodologies and the Six Hats in simulations, debates, and written exercises

Assessment throughout the semester includes presentations, exercises, debates, readings, and case discussions (in small groups).
Active participation in practical sessions is expected and evaluated according to the following criteria:
Attendance and participation – In-class exercises and group debates (minimum 80% attendance): 20%
Homework assignments – Two tasks: one worth 5%, the other 10%: 15%
Individual essay applying the Six Thinking Hats to a real dilemma or situation: 30%
Final critical reflection, integrating course dimensions and articulating argumentative and parallel thinking: 35%
To successfully complete the assessment throughout the semester, students cannot score less than 7 points in any of the evaluation components listed.
Exam Periods
Written Work - 100%
Although not recommended, it is possible to choose assessment by exam; this assessment may also involve, at the teacher's discretion, an oral discussion (this oral component carries a weight of 40% in the final evaluation).

Sandra Cristina Pereira Costa Camacho

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Ana Junça Silva

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Catarina Correia Leal

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Laura Falé

Luís Miguel Alves Simões

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

By completing this course, students should be able to:
LG1: Explain the dynamics of leadership processes in organizations.
LG2: Explain and apply the main models of motivation and decision-making in organizations.
LG3: Describe and contrast team dynamics leading to high performance.
LG4: Integrate the individual and group levels in the organizational processes of change, conflict and political behavior.

CP1. Leadership and organizational behaviour
1.1 Relevance of organizational leadership
1.2 Relevance of organizational behavior for leadership
CP2. Organizational leadership
2.1 Classical approaches to leadership
2.2 Contemporary approaches to leadership
CP3. Individual processes
3.1 Personality
3.2 Motivation and satisfaction
3.3 Emotions and emotional regulation
CP4. Teams in organizations
4.1 Team formation and development
4.2 Team structure and dynamics
4.3 Teamwork
CP5. Organizational and leadership processes
5.1 Organizational change
5.2 Decision-making
5.3 Conflict
5.4 Power and political behavior

Assessment modalities:
1) Periodic assessment:
Group assignment (50%)
Individual final test (50%)
Requirements: A minimum grade of 8 points in each evaluation element (or group oif elements). Minimum mark for approval is 10 points.
Minimum attendance required according to the rules in force.
2) First sitting exam: written test (100%), with a minimum mark of 10 to get approval.
3) Second sitting exam: written test (100%) with a minimum mark of 10 to get approval.

Ruben Bahamonde Delgado

Department of Political Economy

Carlos Neves Almeida

Department of Political Economy

1- The student is able to master basic concepts of law.
2- The student is able to identify and analyze the main phases of the process of constitution of a company.
3- The student is able to write and present in class the statute of a company.
4- The student understands the relations between the diverse organs of the company.
5- The student is familiar with the business relations of a company.
6- The student understands the process of elaboration and approval of accounts.
7- ESG.
8- The students knows the rights and duties of a worker.

I- Basic concepts of Law
II- Company Law and Commercial Law
III- The place of the company in the Organization of Business
IV- Formation of the company: types of companies; the memorandum and the articles of association; the incorporation and its effects.
V- Organization of the company: general meetings; management and administration of the company and the auditors.
VI- The company's transactions, annual accounts and distribution of profits. The maintenance of capital.
VII- Alteration of the memorandum and winding up of the company.
VIII- ESG.
IX- Fundamentals of Labour Law.
X- Commercial contracts (Basic notions. Sale, loan and factoring).

The evaluation will be made throughout the semester. The result of the test will contribute 20% to the final grade.
The students - in groups of up to four - will write and present a report on the constitution of a company or ESG (case study). The result of this evaluation will contribute 30% to the final grade.
The written exam represents 50 % of the final grade, but it is mandatory to obtain a minimum score of 8 points in each assessment in order for a student to be approved in the course.
Students have to attend classes.
Alternatively, students may opt just to pass a final exam.

Vivaldo Manuel Mendes

Department of Economics

Alexandre Reis Serra

Francisco Caneira Madelino

Department of Economics

Luís Miguel Clemente Casinhas

Department of Economics

Ricardo Gouveia-Mendes

1. Students should be able to identify the main macroeconomic variables and economic policy instruments.

2. Students should be able to understand economic policy mechanisms and evaluate the consequences of policy measures on the welfare of economic agents.

3. Students should be able to analyze and evaluate the consequences of external shocks to economic activity.

1. Introduction to Macroeconomics
2. Measuring Macroeconomic Data
3. The IS Curve & Aggregate Demand
4. Monetary Policy and Aggregate Demand
5. The Central Bank Balance Sheet & Monetary Policy Tools
6. Money, Inflation, and Cryptocurrencies
7. The Phillips Curve and Aggregate Supply
8. The Macroeconomic Equilibrium: Aggregate Demand & Supply
9. Macroeconomic Policy: Shocks and the Macroeconomic Equilibrium
10. Macroeconomic Policy and Extreme Shocks
11. Fiscal Policy & the Government Budget
12. Exchange Rates & International Economic Policy

I - Assessment Methods:
Option A:
1. Midterm test (covering topics up to Week 6): 50% of the final grade
2. Final test (covering all topics, but with greater emphasis on the material from Weeks 6 through 12): 50% of the final grade
3. The grade on either of these tests cannot be lower than 8 out of 20 points
4. Participation in lab sessions (solving exercises and answering theoretical questions): bonus of up to 2 points.
5. Students will pass this course if they obtain a grade of 10 or higher (on a scale of 0 to 20 points).
Option B:
1. Final exam: accounts for 100% of the final grade.
2. Covers all material taught throughout the semester.
3. Students will pass under this system if they earn a grade of 10 or higher (on a scale of 0 to 20 points).
II - Additional Information on Assessment Procedures:
1. In order to ensure the integrity, rigor, and reliability of the assessment processes for this course, students may be required to take a supplemental assessment, in the form of a written or oral test/exam, whenever necessary to confirm the authorship of the submitted tests/exams, assess the acquisition of the knowledge and skills being evaluated, or clarify relevant details for the correct assignment of the grade obtained.
2. Students with very high grades (16 points or more) may be required to take an oral exam, following which the final grade may be maintained or adjusted depending on the students’ performance.
3. Assessments are strictly individual and will be conducted without reference to paper documents, electronic materials, or other resources.
4. Assessments may be conducted on paper or on a computer; the teaching staff will decide which of these methods will be used. Once the method to be used has been announced, all students will be assessed using that method.
5. If assessments are conducted on a computer, students must install the necessary software on their personal computers for this purpose. If they do not wish to do so, they may take the exams on the computers available in ISCTE-IUL’s computer labs.

Pedro Nogueira Serrasqueiro

Department of Quantitative Methods

Maria Carolina Godinho Miranda Segurado Marques

Department of Quantitative Methods

Maria da Conceição Torres Figueiredo

Department of Quantitative Methods

Paula Alexandra Barbosa da Conceição Vicente Duarte

Department of Quantitative Methods

At the end of the curricular period of this UC, the student must:
LO1. Understand and use the main concepts in describing qualitative and quantitative data.
LO2. Represent and analyze data using different data summarization techniques
LO3. Understand the most important theoretical probability distributions and for discrete and continuous variables, and calculation of their respective probabilities.
LO4. Understand the most important theoretical sampling distributions and how to choose the right ones for each type of problem.
LO5. Understand how to use R in data analysis and representation applications

S1 - Descriptive Statistics.
Univariate descriptive statistics: Tables and graphical representations. Descriptive measures.
Bivariate descriptive: Contingency tables. Measures of association and correlation.
Descriptive Multivariate: Principal Component Analysis
S2 - Probabilities.
Total probability theorem and Bayes' formula.
S3- Discrete and continuous distributions
Random variable, probability function, probability density and distribution. Characterising parameters. Binomial distribution. Poisson distribution. Uniform distribution (discrete and continuous). Exponential distribution. Normal distribution.
S4 - Discrete two-dimensional random variables
Joint probability function. Marginal probability function. Joint distribution function.
Covariance and correlation coefficient. Independence of random variables
S5- Sampling distributions: Bernoulli and normal populations. Central Limit Theorem.

- Assessment throughout the semester: 3 individual online quizzes (5% in total), 1 individual midterm test (30%), 1 group project with oral presentation (15%) and 1 individual final test (50%); minimum mark of 8.5 in the final test; minimum final average of 10 (rounded to the nearest integer).
- Minimum attendance of 2/3 of classes. To pass the course under element-wise assessment, students must complete all the individual quizzes, the midterm test, the group project and the oral presentation before the final test. Only the final test carries a minimum-mark requirement.
- The mark for the 3 individual quizzes is obtained by multiplying 5% by the arithmetic mean of the three marks obtained. It is reiterated that all quizzes must be taken in order to pass under element-wise assessment (failing to take a quiz is not equivalent to receiving a mark of zero).
- The group project is graded exclusively on the presentation and oral defence; submission of the written report is a condition of admission to the presentation. Indiscriminate use of AI tools resulting in written reports that are clearly careless and/or in the uncritical submission of content may lead to the project being disregarded and to the student being barred from element-wise assessment.
- Tests are taken without access to notes, books or other materials; graphing calculators, mobile phones and any other electronic devices are not permitted. Any supporting materials (e.g. formula sheets) are provided by the teaching team at the time of assessment, where required.
- Students not assessed under element-wise assessment will sit a final exam covering the entire syllabus of the course. The minimum pass mark is 10 (rounded to the nearest integer).
- Any student may be required to defend orally the mark obtained in any assessment component, irrespective of the mark awarded (CHECK THE OBSERVATIONS SECTION FOR DETAILS).
- Assessment components take place on the dates set for that purpose; no exceptions are permitted beyond those provided for in the ISCTE-IUL regulations.

António Manuel Barbosa

Department of Finance

Andrea Meireles

Department of Finance

João Pedro Nunes

Department of Finance

Ricardo Noutel de Matos Correia

Department of Finance

Szabolcs Sebestyén

Department of Finance

1. Understand the working of the different segments of financial markets.
2. Know how to value bonds, how to make trading decisions in the bond market, how to compute the return of a bond investment and characterize their exposure to interest rate risk.
3. Know how to analyze the efficiency, performance and risk profile of a portfolio of financial assets.
4. Identify the main sources of value for a stock and value stocks with the discounted cash-flow method.

1. Financial Markets
(a) Money market
(b) Forex market
(c) Stock market
(d) Bond market
(e) Derivatives market

2. Bonds
(a) Bond features
(b) Day count conventions
(c) Term structure of interest rates: spot and forward rates
(d) Valuation of fixed rate bonds
(e) Trading decisions on the bond market
(f) Rates of return: yield-to-maturity and realized rate of return
(g) Rating e credit risk
(h) Valuation of floating rate bonds
(i) Interest rate risk: duration and convexity

3. Asset Pricing Models
(a) Risk and return
(b) Markowitz's model
(c) Tobin's model
(d) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
(e) Performance valuation: Jensen's alpha, Sharpe index and Treynor index

4. Stocks
(a) Gordon model
(b) Present value of growth opportunities and dividend payment policy

Students can choose between an assessment by exam or an assessment throughout the semester.

The assessment throughout the semester consists of 2 written tests. Each test has a minimum grade of 7.5 and a weight of 50% in the final grade. Under this assessment method, passing the course requires obtaining at least the minimum grade in each written test and a final grade, rounded to the nearest whole number, equal to or greater than 10.

The assessment by exam consists of a single written test. Passing the course requires obtaining a grade in the written test, rounded to the nearest whole number, equal to or greater than 10.

Under both assessment methods, students may be required to attend an oral examination to confirm the grade obtained in any written test. The oral examination may result in either the confirmation of the grade obtained in the written test or its reduction. Failure to attend the oral examination will result in the written test being annulled.

For any written test, the use of graphical calculating machines is prohibited.

Paulo Jorge Varela Lopes Dias

Department of Accounting

Andreia Sofia Henriques Magalhães

Department of Accounting

Beatriz Cardoso Pires

Daniela Bettencourt Picanço Jorge da Fonseca

Department of Accounting

Luís Fernando da Costa Baptista

Department of Accounting

Maria Margarida Saraiva Ramos Pereira

LO1. Know and use the main concepts of taxation, understanding the role of taxes in the economy, in businesses and in the financing of the State.
LO2. Classify income paid by companies and frame it within the relevant personal income tax categories.
LO3. Apply essential withholding tax rules to different types of income.
LO4. Apply fundamental rules for determining corporate income tax, with particular attention to the relationship between accounting income and taxable income.
LO5. Characterise transactions for VAT purposes.
LO6. Understand the main rules for VAT assessment and deduction in domestic transactions.
LO7. Identify relevant tax impacts on management, accounting and finance decisions, recognising the importance of tax compliance and the ethical limits of business conduct.

I. Introduction
Concept of tax
Similar public revenues
Types of taxes
Moments of tax obligation
Tax power and the taxpayers
Constitutional tax principles
II. IRS
Personal incidence
Gross value of each income categories
Negative delimitation of statutary incidence
Tax benefits of each income categories
Deductions at source
III. IRC
Personal incidence
Tax base
Period of taxation
Gross profits and costs (accounting and taxation)
Others patrimonial variations
Fiscal regime of subsidies
Assets depreciation and revalorization
Provisions and adjustment
Social expenses
Non deductible costs
Gains and reinvestment
Avoidance of economic and international double taxation
Tax losses deduction
Rates of IRC
Fiscal transparency regime
IV. IVA
Characteristics
Tax incidence
Tax benefits
General rules to locate operations
Tax value determination
Rates of VAT

The continuous evaluation must consist of the following:
-Students must attend 66% of classes
-An oral group presentation on a theme, counting as 15% of the final grade preferably focused on the analysis of the impact of taxation on a business, accounting or finance situation;
-An individual intercalary test, counting as 35%;
-A global and individual examination/test, counting as 50% of the final grade ;
-A minimum score of 7.5 values in all these components.
Students in final assessment will only have one final exam.
There will be an oral exam for students who had a grade superior to 16.

Filomena de Almeida

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Ana Catarina Carnaz

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Ana Junça Silva

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Catarina Correia Leal

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Inês Carneiro e Sousa

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

Maria João Velez

Department of Human Resources and Organizational Behavior

1. To understand the main goals of Human Resources Management and to explicit their integration with General Management
2. Define the main characteristics of planning, recruitment, selection and socialization of new employees;
3. To know the main defining elements of Training, Career and Performance Evaluation policies;
4. Apply the main concepts of Compensation and Conditions of Service to HRM ;
5. Apply theoretical concepts of HR on the analysis of managerial and economic contexts

1.Introduction to HRM (Human Resource Management)
1.1. What is HRM and its importance
1.2. Evolution of HRM
1.3. The 4.0 Revolution
1.4. Current HRM

2. Themes Shaping Contemporary HRM
2.1. Globalization
2.2. Outsourcing
2.3. Offshoring
2.4. Demographics, Aging, and Immigration
2.5. Diversity
2.6. Equality of Opportunities and Inclusion
2.7. Telework and Independent Work
2.8. Sustainability

3.Key Activities and Processes in HRM
3.1. Job Analysis and Design
3.2. HR Planning
3.3. Recruitment and Selection
3.4. Training and Development
3.5. Performance Management
3.6. Careers
3.7. Remunerations and Rewards, and Labor Relations
3.8. Health and Safety at Work

1. Periodic evaluation:
- Final test 75%
- 2 group works 25%
For approval in periodic evaluation, each evaluation element must have a minimum score of 7.5v and final evaluation with a score greater than or equal to 9.5v.
Students excluded from the periodic evaluation will be able to carry out a final evaluation (100%).
2. Final Evaluation:
final evaluation 100%

Ilídio Tomás Lopes

Department of Accounting

Maria Manuela Duarte Martins

Department of Accounting

Pedro Pereira

Department of Accounting

Upon completion of the course unit, students should be able to: LO1 - Identify the components of financial reporting and their importance for management, in the scope of the decision-making process; LO2 - Identify the main transactions related to investment properties, investments in progress, equity, and financial investments in individual accounts, from the perspective of their recognition, measurement, and disclosure; LO3 - Identify the main transactions related to provisions, contingencies, external funding sources, from the perspective of their recognition, measurement, and disclosure; LO4 - Identify the accounting procedures resulting from changes in accounting policies, estimates, errors, and events after the reporting date, including disclosures in the financial reporting.

1 – REGULATION, PREPARATION AND PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: Framework; Regulations; Conceptual structure; Financial statements; Accounting and taxation; IFRS-SNC comparison.
2 – INVESTMENT PROPERTIES: Recognition, measurement and derecognition; Fair Value disclosures; IFRS-SNC comparison.
3 – CAPITALIZATION OF LOAN COSTS AND INVESTMENTS IN PROGRESS: Loan costs; Investments in progress; Subsidies; IFRS-SNC comparison.
4 – EQUITY: Capital; Own shares; Application of results; Others; IFRS-SNC comparison.
5 – FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS IN INDIVIDUAL FINANCAIL STATEMENTS AND RELATED PARTIES: Concepts; Equity Method; Related Parties; IFRS-SNC comparison.
6 – PROVISIONS AND CONTINGENCIES: Provisions; Disclosure of contingencies; IFRS-SNC comparison.
7 – EXTERNAL FUNDING SOURCES: Loans; Leases; IFRS-SNC comparison.
8 – ACCOUNTING CHANGES AND EVENTS AFTER THE REPORTING PERIOD: Policies, estimates, and errors; Events after the reporting period; IFRS-SNC comparison.

Assessment for this course is conducted through two distinct methods: 1. Assessment throughout the semester: This includes 4 (four) mandatory mini-tests administered during class (30%) and a course attendance grade (70%). The minimum grade for each assessment component is 7.5. For the mini-tests, the minimum grade refers to the average of all mini-tests; 2. Exam: consists of a Final Exam weighted at 100%.
Final grades higher than 16 points are contingent upon passing an individual defense exam, to be taken orally or in writing, lasting no more than 15 minutes. In this exam, the guaranteed minimum grade is 16 points.

Maria João Carvalho e Cortinhal

Department of Quantitative Methods

Anabela Costa

Department of Quantitative Methods

João Miguel dos Santos Araújo

Department of Quantitative Methods

Maria João Caldas Frazão Lopes

Department of Quantitative Methods

At the end of the Curricular Unit, the student is expected to be able to:
LO1. Develop linear programming, integer linear programming and mixed integer programming formulations to solve decision support problems; use general software to determine solutions; characterize the solutions.
LO2. Do the economic interpretation and to give managerial recommendations based on the obtained solutions and sensitivity analysis.
LO3. Differentiate network models and choose the one that allows solving a given decision support problem; develop network models and apply the appropriate methodologies to solve them.
LO4. Draw the network representation of a project; perform time and economic analysis; solve time, cost and resource management problems.

PC1. LINEAR PROGRAMMING AND INTEGER LINEAR PROGRAMMING
1.1. Linear programming formulations
1.2. Optimization software
1.3. Economic interpretation and sensitivity analysis
1.4. Integer and mixed integer linear programming formulations
1.5. Applications of linear and integer linear programming
PC2. NETWORK MODELS
2.1. The minimum spanning tree problem
2.2. The shortest path problem
2.3. The maximum flow problem
2.4. The minimum-cost network flow problem
2.5. Applications of network models
PC3. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
3.1. Draw of AOA and AON networks
3.2. Time analysis: CPM and PERT
3.3. Economic analysis
3.4. Resource management
3.5. applications of project management

Assessment throughout semester:
i) Intermediate Test: 50%
ii) Final Test: 50%;
iii) Average of the written tests >= 9,5
iv) Minimum attendance: 2/3 of classes taught
Assessment by exam: 100%
Scale: 0-20 points
Remark: In both assessment methods, students may be required to complete an additional individual assessment, either oral or written, in order to validate their grade.

Filipa Rosado Pinto

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Isabel Soromenho Sequeira

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Mariana de Oliveira Berga Rodrigues

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Ricardo Jorge Godinho Bilro

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

At the end of this curricular unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify and characterize the main key concepts and theories of product-mix;
2. Identify and characterize the main key concepts and theories of distribution;
3. Identify and characterize the main key concepts and theories of pricing;
4. Identify and characterize the main key concepts and theories of promotion;
5. Demonstrate how to apply key tools of Marketing Mix in practical situations.

0. The articulation between strategic and operational planning.
1. Setting Product Strategy (good, service or idea)
- Brand equity.
- The product-mix for goods Vs services.
- New product development.
- Product line management.
2. Marketing Channels
- Relationships and Types of intermediaries.
- Functions of distribution.
- Channels of distribution: importance, composition and characteristics.
- Distribution of Producer and Retailer.
- Merchandising.
3. Developing Pricing strategies and programs
- Determining factors: internal and external.
- Price strategies.
- Price criteria.
- Target market reaction to price change.
4. Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Communications
- The influence of the consumer buying decision process on marketing communications.
- The communications mix:
Advertising
Sales Promotion
Public Relations
Sales Force
Direct Marketing
The influence of relationship marketing on the communications mix.
Promotion and Advertising Plans

During the learning-teaching term each student should acquire analytical, information gathering, written and oral communication skills, according with the established learning outcomes for this unit.

To contribute to the acquisition of these skills will be used the following learning methodologies (LM):

1.Expositional
2.Participative
3. Active
4.Self-study

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Periodical evaluation: Assessment throughout the term: Individual end-of-term exam 50% (min grade 8). Group Works 30% (min grade 10). Individual evaluation - participation and cases studies 20% (min grade 10).
OPTION 2: End-of-term exam - 100%.

The student must ensure class attendance of at least 2/3 of the classes.

Students with a final grade above than 16 may have an additional oral examination.

Jaqueline dos Reis Inácio Ramos da Silva

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Paulo Silva Curto

1. Identify market problems, trends and needs through case studies, applied research and fieldwork.
2. Assess entrepreneurial opportunities by weighing up market attractiveness, resources, risks and execution capacity.
3. Define market segments, target customers and value propositions, using customer discovery and design thinking tools.
4. Estimate TAM, SAM, SOM and future demand by applying assumptions, scenarios, data and validation techniques.
5. Design and test MVPs, prototypes and market experiments through iterative learning and feedback.
6. Structure business models, monetisation strategies, go-to-market strategies and growth strategies.
7. Assess the strategic, commercial, operational and economic-financial viability of the start-up.
8. Communicate and defend entrepreneurial decisions, developing critical thinking, collaboration, autonomy and presentation skills.

1. Entrepreneurship, innovation and start-up creation.
2. Identifying trends, problems and business opportunities.
3. Customer discovery, jobs-to-be-done and defining the target customer.
4. Ideation, creativity and selection of business concepts.
5. Segmentation, market analysis and competitive assessment.
6. Market sizing: TAM, SAM and SOM.
7. Estimating future demand: drivers, adoption, conversion, retention, scenarios and validation.
8. Value proposition, solution design and customer experience.
9. MVP, prototyping, experimentation and empirical validation.
10. Business models, monetisation, pricing and unit economics.
11. Go-to-market strategies, customer acquisition, growth and scalability.
12. Emerging technologies, artificial intelligence and digital models.
13. Strategic, commercial, operational and economic-financial feasibility.
14. Risk, financing, pitching and presentation of the entrepreneurial project.

Continuous Assessment (Mandatory)

60% Group:
a. 45% Final Pitch and Presentation
b. 15% Report

40% Individual
a. 10% Individual Participation in the Project (each group member conducts a peer evaluation, providing qualitative feedback to the instructor on their own performance and that of their peers; the instructor then assigns the grade)
b. 20% Individual Discussions: 4 sessions × 5% (for each milestone)
c. 10% Participation

Exam (only for students with special status): minimum grade of 10

Leandro Ferreira Pereira

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Eduardo Correia

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Renato Lopes da Costa

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Vânia Isabel Patrício

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Álvaro de Borba Cruz Lopes Dias

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

1. To provide students with the theoretical tools needed to prepare and evaluate an investment project, including the decision option to invest.
2. To prepare students to collect and deal with the required and relevant information for an investment project - qualitative and quantitative - making use of the available sources.
3. To apply to a specific investment project in a correct, detailed and rigorous way, methodologies of preparation and evaluation of projects needed for an investment decision.

1. Context Analysis
2. Solution Proposal
3. Governance Model
4. Economic and Finance Plan
5. Business Model Canvas

The evaluation process has two models. Continuous evaluation and Exam:
Continuous Evaluation
Group Evaluation: 60%
- Milestones: 10% / each (x5)
- Academic Shark Tank: 10%
Individual Evaluation: 40%
- Group Dynamics: 5% (x4)
- Individual Discussion: 20% (minimum of 8 points)
Exam (special status only): 100% (minimum 10 points)

Luís Oliveira

Department of Finance

André Teixeira

Department of Finance

Mohamed Azzim

Department of Finance

1. Financial Analysis of Investment Projects, comprising capital budgeting, forecasting cash flows, and criteria such as Payback Period, NPV, IRR) and Profitability Index.
2. Robustness Analysis of a project, identifying its drivers, through a series of complementary tests.
3. Identify the main Types of Financing for a project.
4. Establish a relationship between Valuation of a project and its Capital Structure.
5. Knowledge of the main methods of valuation of Companies, such as the Discounted Free Cash Flow (FCFF, FCFE), Multiples, and Economic Value Added (EVA, MVA).
6. Understand what is meant by cash management and identify sources and uses of short term funds. Understand the financial impact of working capital decisions

I - The Capital Budgeting Decision
1. Cash Flow Estimation.
2. Criteria for Investment Selection.
3. Choosing among projects with Different Lives.
4. Sensitivity Analysis, Scenario Analysis, Breakeven Analysis.
5. Decision Tree Analysis.

II - Long-Term Types of Financing
1. Equity
2. Debt

III - Capital Structure
1. The Irrelevance of Capital Structure
2. Capital Structure with Corporate Taxes
3. Limits to the Use of Debt
4. Valuation of Real Investment Projects with Debt

IV - Valuation of Companies
1. Discounted Cash Flows
2. Economic Value Added
3. Market Multiples

V - Cash Management
1. Short Run financial management
2. Short Term Financial Investments
3. Sources of Short Term Financing

Each student should acquire analytical and communication skills, according with the established learning outcomes. The acquisition of these skills will use the following learning methodologies:
1.Expositional, presentation of the theoretical reference frames
2.Participative, analysis and resolution of application exercises analysis of case studies, and reading texts
3.Active, realization of individual/group works
4.Self study and autonomous work, as is contemplated in the class planning.

1) Assessment during the academic semester:
- 1 mid-term test (40%)
- 1 final test (60%)

Students that opt to be out ot the regular grading system have two additional moments to pass each worth 100% of the final grade.

José Gonçalves Dias

Department of Quantitative Methods

Anabela Costa

Department of Quantitative Methods

Mafalda Coutinho de Ponte

Department of Quantitative Methods

Maria João Carvalho e Cortinhal

Department of Quantitative Methods

LO1: Identify the client's information needs;
LO2: Identify data sources;
LO3: Collect and prepare data;
LO4: Identify the appropriate problem-solving methodology;
LO5: Identify the relevant variables to operationalize the model;
LO6: Analyze the data using the most suitable tools;
LO7: Communicate the results effectively and accurately.

S1: The development of an intensive data project
S2: The importance of communication and interface with the client
S3: Data collection and preparation
S4: Data analysis complements:
• Dependency techniques: review of multiple regression model and logistic regression model
• Interdependence techniques: clustering and recommendation systems S5: Communication of results

Students may choose between Assessment Throughout the Semester and the Final
Examination.
Assessment Throughout the Semester
- Individual midterm test (minimum grade: 8/20) – 50%
- Group project (minimum grade: 8/20) – 50%, comprising:
o Database construction report – 15%
o Project presentation (slides and oral presentation) – 15%
o Individual quiz on the group project – 20%

To pass the course through Assessment Throughout the Semester, students must obtain a final grade
of at least 10/20.
Final Examination
The Final Examination consists of a written exam. Students must obtain a minimum
grade of 10/20 to pass.
Grading scale: 0–20

Students may be required to undertake an additional individual assessment, either oral or written, to validate their final grade.

Leandro Ferreira Pereira

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Ma Shaozhuang

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Renato Lopes da Costa

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

1. Understand the fundamental concepts and processes of business strategy through introductory lectures and the preparation of thematic modules.
2. Formulate a vision, mission, values, and strategic objectives by applying them to a real company.
3. Analyze the internal and external environment by applying models such as the value chain, VRIO, PESTEL, and the Five Forces in practical and mentoring sessions.
4. Formulate and evaluate strategic options using SWOTi/TOWS and models for competition, growth, and internationalization.
5. Analyze dynamics of competition and cooperation by comparing the company with a competitor and a potential partner.
6. Design implementation, governance, and control plans—including the Balanced Scorecard—integrated into the final project.
7. Communicate and defend strategic decisions rigorously through group presentations, peer mentoring, discussion, and a final presentation.

1. Fundamentals of strategy: concepts, the strategic process, planned, implemented, deliberate, emergent, explicit, and implicit strategies; competition and cooperation.
2. Strategic identity: vision, mission, values, objectives, stakeholders, ethics, and social responsibility.
3. Internal analysis: resources, capabilities, competencies, value chain, Resource-Based View, VRIO, and competitive advantage.
4. External analysis: PESTEL, Porter’s Five Forces, segmentation, strategic groups, critical success factors, and competition.
5. Strategic Formulation: SWOTi, TOWS, cost leadership, differentiation, best-cost, focus, and Blue Ocean Strategy.
6. Cooperation and Growth: alliances, vertical integration, outsourcing, diversification, internationalization, and global strategy.
7. Implementation and Control: objectives, tactics, structure, leadership, culture, governance, the Balanced Scorecard, and strategic maps.

Continuous Assessment (Mandatory)

Group Assessment – 60%
a) Lecture delivered by the group – 15%: technical and conceptual rigor, structure, clarity, quality of examples, teaching ability, and connection to the company, the competitor, and the partner.
b) Mentoring of peers – 10%: preparation, support for practical application, quality of questions, conceptual clarification, and collaborative attitude.
c) Practical presentation – 15%: application of models to the company, depth of analysis, integration of competitive and cooperative perspectives, and quality of the oral defense.
d) Final Strategic Plan – 20%: consistency between diagnosis, formulation, and implementation; quality of internal and external analyses; rationale for choices; cooperation proposal; implementation; governance; Balanced Scorecard; monitoring; and final recommendation.
Individual Quiz – 20%: Assesses individual mastery of the fundamental concepts, models, and techniques of the course.
Individual Participation and Attendance – 20%
Assesses preparation, active participation, contribution to discussions, involvement in mentoring sessions, and collaborative learning. Continuous assessment requires a minimum attendance rate of 80%.

Exam (applicable only to students under special status) with a minimum grade of 10

Pedro Nogueira Serrasqueiro

Department of Quantitative Methods

Carlos José Lúcio Martins

Department of Quantitative Methods

Elisabeth de Azevedo Reis

Department of Quantitative Methods

Francisco Biscaya Cardoso

By the end of this course, students should be able to:

LG1 — Program in R.
LG2 — Distinguish between different data types, and identify and apply the statistical techniques appropriate to each.
LG3 — Formulate and carry out hypothesis tests, building and estimating explanatory models under uncertainty.
LG4 — Understand potential sources of error in estimation procedures, and techniques for mitigating those errors.
LG5 — Build simple stochastic simulation models for scenario evaluation and decision-making under uncertainty.

S1 - The R language and RStudio
Basic functionalities, variables and functions. Data types and the 'tidyverse' package. Visualisation with the 'base' and 'ggplot2' packages. Random numbers and elementary simulation.
S2 - Estimation and Inference
Sampling distributions and the Central Limit Theorem. Distributions derived from the normal. Confidence intervals. Parametric and non-parametric tests for means and variances. Goodness-of-fit, independence and normality. Multiple testing.
S3 - Regression Models
Simple and multiple linear regression. Inference on coefficients. Omitted variables and bias. Diagnostics and prediction intervals.
S4 - Monte Carlo Simulation and Decision
Simulation concepts, scenario evaluation, bias and standard error of estimators. Simulation from estimated models. Risk assessment and decision-making under uncertainty.

- Assessment throughout the semester: 3 individual online quizzes (5% in total), 1 individual midterm test (30%), 1 group project with oral presentation (15%) and 1 individual final test (50%); minimum mark of 8.5 in the final test; minimum final average of 10 (rounded to the nearest integer).
- Minimum attendance of 2/3 of classes.To pass the course under element-wise assessment, students must complete all the individual quizzes, the midterm test, the group project and the oral presentation before the final test. Only the final test carries a minimum-mark requirement.
- The mark for the 3 individual quizzes is obtained by multiplying 5% by the arithmetic mean of the three marks obtained. It is reiterated that all quizzes must be taken in order to pass under element-wise assessment (failing to take a quiz is not equivalent to receiving a mark of zero).
- The group project is graded exclusively on the presentation and oral defence; submission of the written report is a condition of admission to the presentation. Indiscriminate use of AI tools resulting in written reports that are clearly careless and/or in the uncritical submission of content may lead to the project being disregarded and to the student being barred from element-wise assessment.
- Written tests are taken without access to notes, books or other materials; graphing calculators, mobile phones and any other electronic devices are not permitted. Any supporting materials (e.g. formula sheets) are provided by the teaching team at the time of assessment, where required.
- Students not assessed under element-wise assessment (see elements under 'Assessment throughout the semester' above) will sit a final exam covering the entire syllabus of the course. The minimum pass mark is 10 (rounded to the nearest integer).
- Any student may be required to defend orally the mark obtained in any assessment component, irrespective of the mark awarded (SEE THE OBSERVATIONS SECTION FOR DETAILS).
- Assessment components take place on the dates set for that purpose; no exceptions are permitted beyond those provided for in the ISCTE-IUL regulations.

João Vilas-Boas

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Henrique José da Rocha O'Neill

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

Ulpan Tokkozhina

Department of Marketing, Operations and General Management

LG1: Describe the basic concepts of operations management and align operations strategy options with corporate strategy;
LG2: Select the most appropriate processes to support the products and services that satisfy customers’ needs, as well as their special organization;
LG3: Plan and control of the resources needed by the processes and assure availability of resources and other materials needed to satisfy customers’ needs.

I – Introduction
S1: Introduction to Operations Management
S2: Operations Performance and Strategy.
S3: The Structure and Scope of Operations
II – Designing the Operation
S4: Process Design.
S5: Layout and Flow.
III – Planning and control
S6: Capacity Management
S7: Inventory Management
S8: Supply Chain Management
S9: Theory of Constraints
S10: Quality Management
S11: Lean Systems

OPTION 1:
Assessment throughout the semester
This option involves two assessment instruments:
1. Mid-term test - 50%.
2. Individual end-of-term test - 50%.
Passing grade is 10 points or above (over 20), with at least 8 points (out of 20) in each test (mid-term and end-of-term test).

OPTION 2:
End-of-term exam - 100%.
A passing grade is 10 or above (over 20).


Note: Students who achieve a score of 18 or higher in any exam, may be required to attend an additional oral exam to confirm or reassess their grade.